During sleep, the brain processes memories and clears out metabolic wastes. Functional MRI can detect the increased brain activity (orange areas) during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in a pigeon. Simultaneously, the flow of cerebral spinal fluid decreases. This might impede waste removal, as Niels Rattenborg‘s research suggests.
What shapes a neuron's form, function and how quickly it matures? For this year's two Young Scientist Award winners, part of the answer lies beyond the genes a cell switches on, in where and when it is born.